Pakistan’s Battle with Extreme Weather: Preparing for a Climate-Resilient Future
1. Introduction
Pakistan is highly susceptible to climate change, evidenced by the increasing frequency of extreme weather events that significantly threaten its environment, economy, and populationPakistan’s climate change concerns and vulnerability. These events include floods, droughts, cyclones, and extreme temperatures. Pakistan was ranked as the most vulnerable country to climate change in 2022. This vulnerability underscores the critical need for enhanced climate resilience and adaptation strategies Pakistan ranked most susceptible to climate change in 2022.
Pakistan is exposed to various natural hazards, including riverine, flash, and coastal flooding, as well as tropicalcyclones. Pakistann – Vulnerability | Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Between 1992 and 2021, climate and weather-related disasters caused $29.3 billion in economic losses in PakistanPakistan’s climate change concerns and vulnerability.
The South Acian countries has witnessed increasingly extreme events over the last two decades. In August 2022, Pakistan recorded 243% more rainfall than usual, making it the wettest August since 1961. The country also faced severe heatwaves from March to May, leading to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in northern areas Pakistan ranked most vulnerable to climate change in 2022.
Overview of Pakistan’s vulnerability to extreme weather events
Pakistan is highly susceptible to climate change, evidenced by the increasing frequency of extreme weather events that significantly threaten its environment, economy, and population climate change concerns and vulnerability. These events include floods, droughts, cyclones, and extreme temperaturesPakistan’s climate change concerns and vulnerability. Pakistan was ranked as the most vulnerable country to climate change in 2022. This vulnerability underscores the critical need for enhanced climate resilience and adaptation strategies.
Pakistan is exposed to various natural hazards, including riverine, flash, and coastal flooding, as well as tropical cyclones. Between 1992 and 2021, climate and weather-related disasters caused $29.3 billion in economic losses in Pakistan’s climate change concerns and vulnerability.
The South Asian country has witnessed increasingly extreme events over the last two decades. In August 2022, Pakistan recorded 243% more rainfall than usual, making it the wettest August since 1961. The country also faced severe heatwaves from March to May, leading to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in northern areas Pakistan ranked most vulnerable to climate change in 2022…
Rising frequency of floods, heatwaves, droughts, and glacial melt
Pakistan is facing a rise in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as floods, droughts, cyclones, heavy rain, and high temperaturesClimate change / Pakistan – Interactive Country Fiches.
From 1998 to 2018, Pakistan reported over 150 extreme weather events and climate change in Pakistan. These patterns are blamed on global warming, which is causing the glaciers to melt faster.
Floods: Pakistan’s erratic weather patterns have worried climate experts. Unusually heavy rains and melting glaciers in June 2022 triggered floods that destroyed crops, killed over 1,700 people, and affected 33 million weather events in Pakistan, which can trigger water scarcity and food insecurity in the future. In August 2022, Pakistan received 243% more rainfall than usual. The country is projected to have an increase of around 5 million people exposed to extreme river floods by 2035–2044Climate change / Pakistan – Interactive Country Fiches.
Heatwaves: Pakistan’s surging temperatures have caused rapid melting of its glaciers, increasing the flow of water in the Indus River. In May 2022, a severe heatwave was recorded in Pakistan, where temperatures reached 51°C. Climate change makes such heatwaves 100 times more likely climate change in Pakistan.
Glacial Melt: Pakistan is home to more than 7,253 known glaciers and contains more glacial ice than any other place on Earth other than the polar regions. Almost all these glaciers lie in the northern region of Gilgit-Baltistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The recent heat waves and unusually high temperatures are causing glaciers to melt faster. Weather events’ in Pakistan can trigger water scarcity and food insecurity in the future.
Droughts: The climate models are predicting extreme weather events in Pakistan in coming years that could lead to water scarcity and food insecurity in the country extreme weather events’ in Pakistan can trigger water scarcity, food insecurity in future.
The urgent need for climate resilience and adaptation
Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) acknowledges that climate change poses a serious challenge to social, environmental, and economic development, leading to migration within and across national borders National Climate Change Policy. The effects of global climate change are evident in the growing frequency of droughts, flooding, increasingly erratic weather, changes in agricultural patterns, reduction in freshwater supply, and biodiversity lossPakistan’s National Climate Change Policy. Given these vulnerabilities, Pakistan recognizes the urgent need to build resilience to climate change by developing and implementing appropriate adaptation measures at national and local levels. National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan 2023 …. These measures are essential to ensure water, food, and energy security and to minimize the impact of natural disasters on the economy, human life, health, and propertyPakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
Pakistan has made several efforts to address climate change and its impacts through adaptation and mitigation measures. Pakistan National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan 2023 ….. The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aims to reduce vulnerabilities to climate impacts by creating comprehensive medium- and long-term plans, including the integration of adaptation measures into national policy Pakistan – Innovations for Climate Adaptation and Resilience. The NAP seeks to enhance resilient development, mitigate risk, foster collaboration, ensure inclusivity, fulfill global commitments, and promote sustainable growth to ensure equitable outcomes Pakistan’s First National Adaptation Plan. The plan addresses income inequality and social disparities by strengthening the capacity of local communities to protect themselves and their environment. Has a plan for adapting to climate change – will it work?.
Pakistan is also working to conserve energy, improve energy efficiency, and optimize its fuel mix to support global efforts for GHG emission reduction. Brief on “From Vulnerability to Resilience: Pakistan’s Climate Roadmap”. Furthermore, the country is focusing on nature-based solutions, such as the “Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme,” the ‘Urban Forest Project,’ ‘Clean Green Pakistan Movement,’ and ‘Protected Areas and National Park Initiatives.’ These initiatives aim to expand protected areas to at least 15% of Pakistan’s area. Pakistan has also begun the process of developing a National Adaptation Plan to enhance the adaptation elements of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
2. Extreme Weather Events in Pakistan: A Growing Threat
Extreme weather events in Pakistan have become an increasingly pressing concern, significantly impacting the country’s socio-economic fabric and natural environment. The combination of geographical features and climatic conditions makes Pakistan particularly vulnerable to a range of extreme weather phenomena, including severe floods, heatwaves, droughts, and glacial melt.
Historically, Pakistan has experienced some of the most devastating floods in recent memory, notably the catastrophic floods of 2010 that affected millions and caused extensive damage to infrastructure and agriculture. The frequency of such events is rising, with scientists attributing these changes to climate change and its associated impacts on weather patterns.
Heatwaves have also become more common, with record temperatures reported in recent years that exacerbate water scarcity and threaten public health. Additionally, the melting of glaciers in northern regions poses risks of glacial lake outburst floods, further complicating the already precarious situation.
As these extreme weather events continue to escalate, there is an urgent need for comprehensive strategies focused on climate resilience and adaptation. Addressing this growing threat involves not only immediate disaster response but also long-term planning and investment in sustainable practices to mitigate the impacts of future climate-related challenges.
Floods: Impact of monsoon rains and flash floods on communities and infrastructure
The monsoon season in Pakistan typically brings heavy rainfall and flooding, leading to significant damage to infrastructure, homes, and agricultural land1. In 2024, Pakistan experienced an exceptionally intense monsoon season, with rainfall levels reaching up to 318% above normal in some areas1. From early July to September 23, monsoon-related disasters caused 368 deaths, including more than 150 children, and 700 injuries, including over 200 children .2024 Monsoon floods – PAKISTAN – ACAPS.
Impact on Communities
Almost 551,100 people across the country have been affected by the rains and floods, with Balochistan and Sindh being the hardest hit. Sindh province reported that the rains and flooding displaced at least 143,200 people2024 Monsoon floods – PAKISTAN – ACAPS.
The floods have damaged or destroyed more than 78,600 houses and destroyed about 58,800 acres of farmland, which has significantly affected the livelihoods of farmers1. Nearly 2,000 livestock heads were also lost .2024 Monsoon floods – PAKISTAN – ACAPS.
Infrastructure Damage
More than 500km of roads and 40 bridges have been damaged due to heavy rains and floods2024 Monsoon floods – PAKISTAN – ACAPS.
The floods have damaged 4,889 houses, with significant infrastructure damage to bridges and roads Pakistan Monsoon Floods 2024 Situation Report – August 29, 2024.
The 2024 monsoon floods have highlighted Pakistan’s ongoing humanitarian needs and the importance of strengthening disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation strategies. Pakistan: Humanitarian Snapshot – Summary of 2024 Monsoon Impact (as of 9 October 2024).
Heatwaves: Rising temperatures and their health risks
Pakistan is experiencing increasingly frequent and intense heat waves, posing significant health risks to the population.
Rising Temperatures
In June 2024, a severe heat wave pushed temperatures to new extremes, reaching up to 52°C in Jacobabad, 44°C in Lahore, and 45°C in KarachiHeat Wave in Pakistan 2024: A Scorching Reality.
The Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) reported severe heatwave conditions in May 2024, with temperature highs rising to 40–42 °C in Karachi and 42–44 °C in Thatta, Badin, and Sujawal districts2024 Pakistan heat wave.
The average temperature in Pakistan has risen by more than 1.6°C over the last century, compared to the global average of 1.1°C. Heat Wave in Pakistan 2024: A Scorching Reality.
The frequency of heat waves in Pakistan has increased fivefold in the last three decades, a trend expected to continue with rising global temperatures. Heat Wave in Pakistan 2024: A Scorching Reality.
Health Risks
The 2024 heat wave led to the deaths of over 568 Pakistani citizens, primarily in Southern Pakistan2024 Pakistan heat wave.
In May 2024, the heatwave caused 2,547 reported instances of heat stroke and 133 livestock deaths2024 Pakistan heat wave.
Hospitals in affected areas have seen a surge in patients with heatstroke, vomiting, diarrhea, and high fever.
Extreme temperatures coupled with high humidity and power cuts exacerbate the health risks, making conditions difficult to bearDeaths mount as Pakistan swelters in a heatwave.
Factors Contributing to Increasing Heat
Climate Change: Rising greenhouse gas emissions have increased average temperatures worldwide, with Pakistan being particularly vulnerable. Wave in Pakistan 2024: A Scorching Reality.
Urbanization and Deforestation: Rapid urbanization has led to the development of heat islands in major cities like Karachi and Lahore, where concrete and asphalt absorb and retain heat. Deforestation reduces trees’ natural cooling effect, further contributing to the heat Wave in Pakistan 2024: A Scorching Reality.
Projected heat waves to 2096.
Actions Taken
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has developed a Heatwave Action Plan-2024 for Pakistan to mitigate the adverse effects of extreme heat events6heat wave guidelines 2024.
Provincial disaster management authorities in Punjab and Sindh have ordered hospitals to set up heat wave units to treat people for heat-related illnesses hit by a second wave of extreme heat this month.
Heatwave camps were set up to alleviate injuries and deaths from the heatwave2024 Pakistan heat wave.
Droughts: Water scarcity and its effects on agriculture
Droughts in Pakistan have become a significant concern, leading to severe water scarcity that adversely affects agriculture and food security. The country, primarily an agrarian economy, relies heavily on irrigation for crop production, making it particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in water availability.
Water Scarcity and Agricultural Impact
Water scarcity in Pakistan is exacerbated by climate change, rapid population growth, and inefficient water management practices. Approximately 80% of the population experiences severe water shortages for at least one month each year, with the agricultural sector being the main user of water resources.
The Indus River Irrigation System, which supports about 90% of the country’s agricultural output, faces inefficiencies that limit water delivery to farms. Only about 30% of the water flowing through this system reaches the fields, leading to reduced crop yields and increased competition for limited resources.
Drought conditions have led to significant reductions in crop areas. For instance, during a drought period in 2022, Sindh province reported a 70% water scarcity that shrank the area available for growing essential crops like wheat and cotton. This not only threatens farmers’ livelihoods but also raises alarms about national food security.
Socio-Economic Consequences
The socio-economic implications of drought-related water scarcity are profound. Farmers are forced to sell their grain immediately due to poor economic conditions rather than saving it for future use. This behavior is driven by the need to generate income amidst declining agricultural productivity.
The conversion of agricultural land into barren areas is another concerning trend. Reports indicate that up to 12% of agricultural land has been rendered unproductive due to ongoing water shortages.
Future Projections
As climate change continues to alter precipitation patterns and increase temperatures, Pakistan’s vulnerability to drought is expected to grow. By 2030, per capita water availability may drop below critical levels, further threatening agricultural productivity and food security.
Without urgent action to improve water management and develop sustainable irrigation practices, Pakistan risks facing more frequent and severe droughts that could devastate its agricultural sector and the overall economy.
Glacial Melting & GLOFs: The threat of glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas
Glacial melting in the Himalayas poses a significant threat due to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which can cause catastrophic societal and geomorphic impactsHazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods.
What are GLOFs?
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a sudden release of water from a lake fed by glacier melt that has formed at the side, in front, within, or beneath a glacierGlacial lake outburst floods threaten millions globally.
GLOFs involve the rapid and catastrophic drainage of lake water, racing downstream and often hitting unexpectedlyGlacial lake outburst floods in Alaska and the Himalayas show evolving hazards in a warming world.
The dam containing the glacial lake can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine4. Failure of the dam can occur due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche, an earthquake, volcanic eruptions, or massive displacement of water glacial lake outburst flood.
The Himalayan Threat
Sustained glacier melt in the Himalayas has spawned more than 5,000 glacier lakes dammed by potentially unstable morainesHazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods.
The Eastern Himalayas are a hotspot of GLOF hazard, with hazard levels three times higher than other Himalayan regionsHazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods.
The 100-year outburst flood in the Himalayas has an average volume of 33.5 million cubic meters, with a peak discharge of 15,600 cubic meters per second. This is comparable to monsoon-fed river discharges hundreds of kilometers downstream Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods..
Impact and Risks
GLOFs can severely damage downstream populations and infrastructure transition of a small Himalayan glacier lake outburst flood to a giant transborder flood and debris flow.
A 2023 study found that 15 million people are at risk from GLOFs, mostly in China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and PeruGlacial lake outburst flood.5.
The hazard from GLOFs is determined by the size of growing glacier lakes and the frequency of lake outburstsHazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods.
Specific GLOF Events
A GLOF in the Himalayas on October 5, 2023, resulted in dozens of fatalities in India, as the floodwaters swept away bridges, damaged a hydropower station, and flooded small townsGlacial lake outburst floods in Alaska and the Himalayas show evolving hazards in a warming world.
The 1985 Dig Cho glacial lake outburst in Nepal triggered detailed studies of this phenomenon.
On July 5, 2016, a GLOF from the Gongbatongsha glacial lake transformed into a severe debris and hyperconcentrated flow, leading to a total economic loss of over $70 million USDTransition of a small Himalayan glacier lake outburst flood to a giant transborder flood and debris flow.
Future Considerations
Projections of future hazards from meteorological floods need to account for the extreme runoffs during lake outbursts, given the increasing population, infrastructure, and hydropower projects in Himalayan headwaters. Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods.
If future ice loss generates more unstable moraine-dammed lakes, regions with large glaciers but few lakes may see an increase in GLOF hazardHazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods.
3. The Human and Economic Toll of Climate Change
Climate change significantly impacts human health both directly and indirectly human Health Impacts of Climate Change. Extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and changes in precipitation can lead to injury, illness, and death. Alterations to the environment, such as worsening air pollution, can negatively affect respiratory and cardiovascular health. Health Impacts of Climate Change. Changes in temperature and rainfall can also alter the distribution and behavior of insects and other species, leading to changes in infectious diseases. Health Impacts of Climate Change.
Impact on livelihoods, displacement, and food security
Climate change in Pakistan significantly impacts livelihoods, often leading to displacement and food insecurity, especially among vulnerable populationsPoverty, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development.
Impact on Livelihoods:
Agriculture: A large proportion of Pakistan’s population relies on agriculture for employment, but climate change is projected to impact agricultural yields, land availability, and crop seasons climate CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS. Changes in rainfall patterns and seasonal shifts in weather have resulted in climate irregularities that make agricultural livelihoods challenging and unpredictableCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Livestock: Livestock rearing is an essential activity for many rural farmers, but livestock are highly vulnerable to heat stress, water scarcity, and reduced fodder availability12. Rising temperatures and water-related disasters increase the risk of zoonotic epidemics and livestock loss. CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Fisheries: Sea-level rise and coastal erosion threaten communities that depend on fishing and subsistence farming, resulting in salinization that impacts water quality, degrades mangroves, and reduces fish catch and shrimp productivityCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Non-farm Jobs: Rural non-farm jobs are highly dependent on agricultural development and will be affected by a loss of farm-related livelihoodsCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Displacement:
Climate-related hazards such as floods and cyclones can cause temporary displacement of households and short-term loss of productivity and income CHANGE AND LIVELIHOODS.
Deforested areas are witnessing higher climate change-induced flash floods, land erosion, and landslidesCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Sea-level rise threatens communities living in coastal areas, resulting in higher coastal erosionCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Food Security:
Climate change and variability affect livelihoods by hindering the ability of ecosystems to provide goods and services needed for survivalThe Impact of Climate Change on Livelihoods of Communities.
Faster glacial melt, higher temperatures, shifting seasons, and erratic rainfall patterns are altering the flow of the River Indus, which will increasingly affect agriculture-related activities, food production, and livelihoods climate CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Changes in temperature and precipitation are worsening droughts in arid and semi-arid provinces, while coastal habitations are facing sea-level rise, salinity ingress, and increased cyclonic activities, deepening fisheries production and worsening food securityCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS.
Greater variability of rainfall has significant repercussions for food security and the livelihoods of millions of peopleClimate Change, Food and Livelihood Security and Migration.
Economic losses in agriculture, industry, and infrastructure
Climate change is expected to have a substantial economic impact on Pakistan, particularly affecting its agriculture sector and infrastructure.
Economic Losses in Agriculture:
Climate change may decrease agricultural productivity in Pakistan by 8-10% by 2040, with wheat being one of the major crops affectedClimate change killing agriculture.
One study predicts that Pakistan could suffer an induced loss of about US$19.5 billion in rice and wheat production by 2050 due to climate changeEconomic Effects of Climate Change-Induced Loss of Agricultural Production by 2050.
In 2022, rainfall and floods caused a loss of 654,000 acres of standing crops in Punjab, resulting in a financial loss of PKR 81 billion (USD 364 million. The cotton crop faced a loss of 350,992 acres (142,041 hectares) with a financial impact of Rs. 62 billion (USD 278 million). Evidence-based impact of climate change on crop yields & social...
Rising temperatures, intense rains, and droughts are anticipated to cause production losses in Pakistan’s agricultural sector. An increase in temperature has a significant negative impact on agricultural production] IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE.
Broader Economic Impacts:
The agricultural sector in Pakistan may face barriers, including mismanagement of resources, technological issues, low investment, infrastructure problems, and shortages of electricity and energy, further compounded by climate change, droughts, and floodsClimate change impacts the agriculture sector.
Climate changes, particularly increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall, could negatively impact the future production of major crops in PakistanECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL ….
The Global Change Impact Study Centre projects that crop seasons are shrinking and shifting due to climate change, which will severely impact crop productivity. Sea intrusion is also engulfing productivity and climate change killing agriculture.
Public health crises due to extreme weather conditions
Extreme weather conditions, exacerbated by climate change, pose significant public health crises worldwide. These events, including hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and droughts, have direct and indirect impacts on human health, leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates.
Direct Health Impacts
Injuries and Fatalities: Extreme weather events can cause immediate injuries and deaths due to accidents, drownings, or structural collapses during storms. For instance, hurricanes and flooding can lead to significant casualties.
Heat-Related Illnesses: Rising temperatures increase the risk of heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and dehydration. Vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions are particularly at risk.
Vector-Borne Diseases: Flooding can create breeding grounds for disease-carrying vectors like mosquitoes, leading to outbreaks of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
Indirect Health Impacts
Disruption of Healthcare Services: Extreme weather can damage healthcare infrastructure, disrupt supply chains, and hinder access to medical care. For example, power outages during storms can compromise hospital operations and emergency services.
Mental Health Issues: The psychological impact of extreme weather events can lead to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among affected populations.
Food and Water Security: Droughts and floods can compromise food production and access to clean water, leading to malnutrition and waterborne diseases.
Vulnerable Populations
Certain groups are disproportionately affected by extreme weather events due to socio-economic factors. Low-income communities often lack resources for effective disaster preparedness and recovery. Additionally, marginalized groups may live in high-risk areas prone to flooding or extreme heat.
As climate change continues to intensify extreme weather events, the public health implications will grow more severe. Healthcare systems must enhance their resilience through effective preparedness plans that address the unique challenges posed by these disasters. Collaborative efforts between public health agencies and community organizations are essential to mitigate the health risks associated with extreme weather conditions.
4. Pakistan’s Climate Resilience Challenges
Pakistan faces significant climate resilience challenges due to its high vulnerability to climate change impacts and a complex interplay of environmental, economic, and social factors to Climate Resilient Pakistan, Curtailing the Carbon footprint.
Key Challenges:
High Vulnerability: Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change, facing severe weather conditions such as unpredictable monsoons, droughts, and floodsRoad to Climate Resilient Pakistan, Curtailing the Carbon Footprint. For the past 20 years, Pakistan has consistently ranked among the top 10 most vulnerable countries on the Climate Risk IndexPakistan’s Climate Challenges Pose a National Security Emergency.
Economic Constraints: Economic challenges compound the issues, making it difficult for the country to cope effectively with climate change impacts. Agriculture, crucial to the economy, is severely affected by climate change, reducing crop yields and disrupting industrial growth to Climate Resilient Pakistan, Curtailing the Carbon footprint.
Water Security: Rainfall has decreased by 10-15% since 1960, impacting water security and exacerbating agricultural instability to Climate Resilient Pakistan, Curtailing the Carbon footprint. The Indus River, Pakistan’s lifeline, is experiencing catastrophic floods and droughts exacerbated by climate change. Pakistan: Building Pakistan’s Resilience to Climate Change through Ecosystem-Based Adaptation for Integrated Flood Risk Management.
Infrastructure Resilience: There is a need to bolster the country’s infrastructure resilience against the impacts of climate change and support the construction of sustainable and adaptive infrastructure across vulnerable regionsChallenge Fund for Climate Resilient Infrastructure Launched to Boost Adaptation Efforts in Pakistan.
Implementation of Adaptation Measures: Pakistan grapples with severe challenges from climate change, lacking adequate adaptation measures to mitigate its impacts, driving climate resilience in Pakistan.
Poverty and Fragility: Urgent action is required to prevent worsening poverty and fragility in Pakistan due to climate change driving climate resilience in Pakistan.
Efforts to Enhance Climate Resilience:
National Adaptation Plan (NAP): Pakistan has published the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and enhance climate resilienceDriving climate resilience in Pakistan. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) supports the Pakistani government in integrating concrete climate adaptation measures in their planning processes driving climate resilience in Pakistan.
Climate Resilient Infrastructure Challenge Fund: The Climate Resilient Infrastructure Challenge Fund aims to bolster the country’s infrastructure resilience against the impacts of climate change and support the construction of sustainable and adaptive infrastructure across vulnerable regionsChallenge Fund for Climate Resilient Infrastructure Launched to Boost Adaptation Efforts in Pakistan.
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: Recharge Pakistan aims to build Pakistan’s climate resilience and water security through cost-effective ecosystem-based adaptation for integrated flood risk management Pakistan: Building Pakistan’s Resilience to Climate Change through Ecosystem-Based Adaptation for Integrated Flood Risk Management.
National Climate Change Policy (NCCP): Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) has been updated, with a major emphasis on nature-based solutionsPakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
5. Strategies for Building Climate Resilience in Pakistan
Pakistan faces significant climate challenges, and building resilience requires a comprehensive approach across various sectors. Below are key strategies, supported by national policies and initiatives, that aim to enhance the country’s capacity to adapt and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
Disaster Preparedness & Early Warning Systems
Enhancing forecasting and response mechanisms is critical to minimizing the impacts of extreme weather events.
Improved Forecasting: Pakistan has launched initiatives such as scaled-up early warning systems and training programs for glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) preparedness. These efforts aim to protect vulnerable communities from sudden disasters. Pakistan – Innovations for Climate Adaptation and Resilience.
Protective Infrastructure: The government, in collaboration with international organizations, is creating new protective infrastructure to reduce the risks associated with floods and other climate-induced hazards Pakistan – Innovations for Climate Adaptation and Resilience.
Disaster Response Plans: The National Adaptation Plan emphasizes integrating disaster preparedness into national policy frameworks to improve institutional response capabilities. National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan
Sustainable Water Management
Addressing water scarcity is essential for ensuring agricultural productivity and long-term water security.
Recharge Pakistan Initiative: This ecosystem-based adaptation project focuses on floodplain management and wetland restoration to enhance water storage and recharge capabilities – Innovations for Climate Adaptation and Resilience.
Efficient Irrigation Systems: The World Bank is funding projects to promote sustainable water management through efficient irrigation practices, benefiting millions of citizens – Innovations for Climate Adaptation and Resilience.
Policy Measures: The National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) highlights water conservation techniques as a priority for mitigating the impacts of reduced freshwater availability National Climate Change Policy.
Green Infrastructure & Reforestation
Expanding nature-based solutions like reforestation can help mitigate climate change impacts while enhancing biodiversity.
Billion Tree Tsunami Project: This flagship initiative has restored degraded forests across Pakistan, sequestering carbon and improving ecosystem healthBalancing Mitigation and Adaptation in Pakistan’s Climate Policy.
Urban Forestry Projects: Programs such as the Urban Forest Project aim to create green spaces in cities to combat urban heat islands and improve air quality Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
Protected Areas Expansion: Under the NCCP, Pakistan aims to expand protected areas to cover at least 15% of its land area, promoting biodiversity conservation in Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
Renewable Energy Transition
Reducing reliance on fossil fuels is critical for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring energy security.
Investment in Renewables: Pakistan is diversifying its energy mix by expanding solar, wind, and hydropower projects. These efforts align with global commitments under the Paris Agreement. Balancing Mitigation and Adaptation in Pakistan’s Climate Policy.
Energy Efficiency Policies: The NCCP includes measures to conserve energy and optimize fuel mixes, supporting global emission reduction goals while addressing domestic energy needsPakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
Community-Based Adaptation
Strengthening local climate action initiatives empowers communities to address climate risks effectively.
Capacity Building: Training programs are being implemented at the grassroots level to equip communities with knowledge and tools for climate adaptation. These include sustainable farming practices and disaster preparedness, Building a Climate Resilient Pakistan In The Face Of Climate Change.
Collaborative Approaches: Partnerships between government agencies, NGOs, and local stakeholders ensure inclusivity in planning and implementing adaptation measures National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Plan.
Resilient Livelihoods: Projects such as climate-resilient farming in the Indus Basin aim to improve agricultural productivity while reducing vulnerability among farmers3.
By implementing these strategies, Pakistan can strengthen its resilience against climate change impacts while fostering sustainable development. These efforts are supported by national policies like the updated NCCP 2021 and international collaborations that emphasize adaptation, mitigation, and community empowermentBalancing Mitigation and Adaptation in Pakistan’s Climate Policy.
6. Government Policies & International Support
Pakistan actively participates in global climate negotiations, advocating for increased climate finance and policy improvements to address its vulnerabilities and promote climate-resilient development: Pakistan’s COP29 priorities58.
Pakistan’s Role in Global Climate Negotiations
COP28 and Loss and Damage Fund: Pakistan played a crucial role in operationalizing the Loss and Damage Fund at COP28, which aims to provide financial assistance to countries most affected by climate change3. Pakistan was elected to the Loss and Damage Fund Board and is seen as a focal body for guidance on loss and damage issues by many developing countries Pakistan helps shape global climate action at COP28.
COP29 Priorities: For COP29 in Baku, Pakistan aims to secure support for the regular replenishment of the Loss and Damage Fund and advocate for simpler, more user-friendly fund-approval procedures: Pakistan’s COP29 priorities. Pakistan will also lobby developed countries and multilateral institutions for climate-related project funding to implement its National Adaptation Plan and initiatives like Recharge PakistanAnalysis: Pakistan’s COP29 priorities.
UNFCCC Committees: Pakistan has been elected to several important committees of the UNFCCC, including the Santiago Network Board, Technology Executive Committee, Paris Agreement Committee on Capacity Building, and Finance Executive Committee. These positions offer strategic opportunities to leverage climate action through technology, innovation, and financePakistan helps shape global climate action at COP28.
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Pakistan is committed to reducing emissions and has set ambitious targets in its updated NDCs. The country aims for a 50% reduction of its projected emissions by 2030, contingent upon international financial support Pakistan Updated NDC 2021 – UNFCCC.
Pakistan Policy Guidelines for Trading in Carbon Markets-2023: Pakistan has prepared the draft to establish and operate carbon markets in Pakistan.
Climate Finance and Support from International Organizations
Financial Needs: Pakistan requires significant international climate finance to achieve its emissions reduction targets and enhance its resilience. The updated NDCs call for international grant finance of USD 101 billion for energy transition alone Pakistan Updated NDC 2021 – UNFCCC.
Funding Sources: Pakistan is exploring various funding sources, including Nature Performance Bonds, Green/Blue Bonds, and Carbon Pricing Instruments, and encourages private sector involvement in implementing climate ambitions Pakistan Updated NDC 2021 – UNFCCC.
International Support: The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) supports Pakistan in implementing its National Adaptation PlanAnalysis: Pakistan’s COP29 priorities.
Policy Improvements and Gaps in Climate Governance
National Climate Change Policy (NCCP): Pakistan has a dedicated Federal Ministry of Climate Change, active since 2015, and has updated its National Climate Change Policy with an emphasis on nature-based solutions https://mocc.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policy/NCCP%20Report.pdf.
Ecosystem-Based Approaches: Pakistan is committed to ecosystem-based approaches, low-carbon development, and carbon sequestration Pakistan Updated NDC 2021 – UNFCCC. Projects like the Billion Tree Tsunami Programme and Recharge Pakistan are examples of these initiativesAnalysis: Pakistan’s COP29 priorities.
Gaps and Challenges: Despite policy improvements, Pakistan faces challenges such as the need to strengthen scientific and technical capacities to reach transition targets Pakistan Updated NDC 2021 – UNFCCC.
Climate Resilient Infrastructure Challenge Fund: Aims to bolster infrastructure resilience against climate change impacts and support sustainable construction in vulnerable regionsAnalysis: Pakistan’s COP29 priorities.
7. The Role of Individuals and Businesses in Climate Action
As the impacts of climate change become increasingly evident, both individuals and businesses play crucial roles in mitigating its effects. Through sustainable practices, corporate responsibility, and community activism, collective action can lead to significant progress in addressing climate challenges.
Promoting Sustainable Practices in Daily Life
Individuals can adopt various sustainable practices in their daily lives to reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to climate action.
Transportation Choices: Opting for public transport, biking, or walking instead of driving reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show that every kilometer driven increases CO2 emissions significantly, making alternative transportation methods vital for sustainabilityReconciling Personal and Collective Climate Change Action.
Energy Conservation: Simple actions such as using energy-efficient appliances, washing clothes in cold water, and air-drying them can significantly lower energy consumption and associated emissionsSmall steps to fight climate change as individuals | IFAW.
Dietary Changes: Reducing meat consumption and opting for a plant-based diet is one of the most effective ways individuals can lower their environmental impact. Livestock farming is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissionsSmall steps to fight climate change as individuals | IFAW.
Waste Reduction: Practicing the “Three Rs”—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—helps minimize waste. For instance, recycling half of household waste can save over 730 kg of CO2 annuallyReconciling Personal and Collective Climate Change Action.
Corporate Responsibility in Reducing Emissions and Adopting Green Initiatives
Businesses have a critical role in climate action through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives aimed at reducing emissions and promoting sustainability.
Sustainable Operations: Companies can implement energy-efficient practices, such as using renewable energy sources and optimizing supply chains to minimize carbon footprints. Transitioning to electric vehicles for logistics can also reduce emissions significantly.
Transparency and Accountability: Businesses should commit to transparent reporting on their environmental impact and set measurable sustainability goals. This includes adopting science-based targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Community Engagement: Corporations can engage with local communities through initiatives like tree planting and supporting local environmental projects, fostering a culture of sustainability beyond their operations.
The Power of Community Awareness and Activism
Community awareness and activism are essential for driving climate action at the grassroots level.
Education and Advocacy: Raising awareness about climate issues empowers individuals to make informed decisions. Community-led initiatives such as clean-up drives or educational workshops promote sustainable practices and steps to fight climate change as individuals | IFAW.
Collective Action: Grassroots movements can influence policy changes by advocating for sustainable practices at local, national, and global levels. Mobilizing community members around climate issues can amplify voices demanding action from governments and businesses.
Support for Local Initiatives: Participating in or organizing local sustainability initiatives—such as farmers’ markets or community gardens—can enhance food security while promoting environmentally friendly practices.
The combined efforts of individuals, businesses, and communities are vital in combating climate change. By adopting sustainable practices in daily life, embracing corporate responsibility, and fostering community awareness and activism, we can collectively drive meaningful change toward a more sustainable future. Each action counts in the fight against climate change, demonstrating that everyone has a role to play.
8. Conclusion: A Climate-Resilient Future for Pakistan
Pakistan faces significant climate challenges that demand urgent and proactive adaptation and mitigation strategies. By addressing key issues and implementing sustainable solutions, Pakistan can build a climate-resilient future for its citizens and economy.
Summary of Key Challenges and Solutions
Challenges: Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing increased variability in monsoons, glacial melting, and extreme weather events. These challenges threaten water security, agriculture, and overall economic stabilityPakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
Solutions: To combat these issues, Pakistan is focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation, expanding renewable energy sources, and implementing nature-based solutions in the National Climate Change Policy. Key initiatives include the Recharge Pakistan project for integrated flood risk management and the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme for ecosystem restoration Carbon Brief Profile: Pakistan.
The Urgency of Proactive Climate Adaptation
National Security Emergency: The escalating climate disasters in Pakistan pose a national security emergency, requiring immediate and comprehensive action to prevent further conflict and stress.
Economic Stability: Pakistan needs to address climate change to avoid crippling energy and economic crises. Transitioning to renewable energy sources and expanding protected areas are crucial steps in Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy.
International Commitments: Pakistan is committed to achieving its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aiming for a 50% reduction in projected emissions by 2030, contingent upon international financial support3.
Call to Action
Achieving a climate-resilient Pakistan requires a concerted effort from the government, businesses, and citizens. Pakistan | UNDP Climate Promise
Government: The government must continue to prioritize climate change in policy and planning, integrating adaptation measures into national frameworks and securing international climate finance climate change.
Businesses: Businesses need to adopt sustainable practices, reduce emissions, and invest in green initiatives to minimize their environmental impact and contribute to a low-carbon economy. Carbon Brief Profile: Pakistan.
Citizens: Individual actions such as conserving energy, reducing waste, and supporting community-based initiatives can collectively make a significant difference in building a climate-resilient society. Carbon Brief Profile: Pakistan.
Through collaborative action and a steadfast commitment to sustainable solutions, Pakistan can mitigate the impacts of climate change and secure a prosperous and resilient future for all. By enhancing climate resilience and promoting sustainable practices, Pakistan can protect its natural resources, improve livelihoods, and foster economic stability in the face of ongoing climate challenges National Climate Change Policy.